Graphite containing metal bonded diamond abrasive wheels

ABSTRACT

The addition of graphite or similarly acting inert fillers to metal bonds for diamond abrasive grinding wheels improves performance of cup-type wheels in the dry grinding of cemented carbides. Filler contents of 15 to 50% by volume of the bond, and particle sizes of from 1 micron to 200 microns are useful. Metal coated diamonds show superior performance under many grinding conditions. However under the most severe conditions when localized grinding temperatures are high, uncoated diamonds are superior. Friable type diamond, of the type normally employed in resin bonded wheels must be used. Bonds melt above 300*C. Hardness of bond correlates with amount of filler required, as does bond volume % of filler.

United States Patent [191 Keat [ GRAPHITE CONTAINING METAL BONDED DIAMOND ABRASIVE WHEELS {75] inventor: Paul P. Keat, Holden, Mass.

[73} Assignee: Norton Company, Worcester, Mass.

[22] Filed: Jan. 12, 1973 [2H Appl. No: 323,244

Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No, 227,867, Feb. 22, 1972 abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. l24,047, March 15, l97l, abandoned.

[52] U.S. Cl .1 51/309; 51/298 [5 l] Int. Cl. C04b 31/16; C09c 1/68; C23c 5/00 [58] Field of Search 51/295, 298, 309

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3.385684 5/1968 Voter 5 l/295 1402.035 9/1968 Martin 5l/295 FOREIGN PATENTS 0R APPLICATIONS United Kingdom .7 5l/309 Dec. 9, 1975 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Nicodur, The New Diamond Abrasive Apr. 1966, 4

pages Primary E.raminerDonald J Arnold Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Rufus M. Franklin [57] ABSTRACT The addition of graphite or similarly acting inert fillers to metal bonds for diamond abrasive grinding wheels improves performance of cup-type wheels in the dry grinding of cemented carbides. Filler contents of IS to 50% by volume of the bond, and particle sizes of from 1 micron to 200 microns are useful. Metal coated diamonds show superior performance under many grinding conditions. However under the most severe conditions when localized grinding temperatures are high, uncoated diamonds are superior. Friable type diamond. of the type normally employed in resin bonded wheels must be used Bonds melt above 300C. Hardness of bond correlates with amount of filler required, as does bond volume of tiller.

5 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures U.S. Patent Dec. 9, 1975 3,925,035

GRAPHITE CONTAINING METAL BONDED DIAMOND ABRASIVE WHEELS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention is an improved grinding wheel and method for the dry grinding of cemented carbide materials such as cobalt-bonded tungsten carbide. This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 227,867, filed Feb. 22, 1972, and

now abandoned, which in turn was a continuation-inpart of my now abandoned application Ser. No. 124,047 filed Mar. 15, 1971. conventionally, resinbonded wheels have been used for dry carbide grindmg.

British Pat. No. 1,192,475, published May 20, 1970, discloses the use of metal-bonded wheels for dry carbide grinding, wherein the bond is modified by the incorporation of relatively large sized particles of boron nitride, referred to as granular" particles, in the size range of from 63 to 1000 microns, and in amounts of from to 60 volume of the total volume of the abrasive section of the wheel. The subject British patent refers to prior British Pat. No. 874,250, published Aug. 2, 1961, which discloses up to 5% of boron nitride in powder (rather than granular) form, and which states that the use of other solid lubricants such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide have not produced any marked improvement in diamond grinding wheel performance. Still earlier British Pat. No. 615,731, to Knowlson, accepted Jan. 1 l, 1949, discloses the use of up to 5%, but preferably 23%, by weight of graphite in a bronze bond, for producing metal bonded diamond wheels for the grinding or lapping of metals. The Knowlson patent teaches the use of graphite, talc, soapstone, slate, or molybdenum disulfide in a fine dispersion, and suggests, for maximum adhesion, that the diamond be coated with a metal, by sputtering or evaporation.

Until the present invention, however, no significant application of metal-bonded wheels in the dry grinding of hard carbides has been known. The present invention provides a metal bonded diamond wheel which can outperform standard resin bonded wheels by an order of magnitude or more, in terms of the ratio of carbide removed to wheel wear, and which can operate at lower power inputs, with less heating of the work, in the dry grinding of carbides.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Whereas the prior art suggests the use of large amounts of coarse solid lubricant (such as British Pat. No. 1,192,475), or small amounts of finer solid lubricant (such as British Pat. Nos. 615,731 and 874,520) the discovery of the present invention is that relatively large amounts of fine graphite in closely controlled sizes and amounts, result in an order of magnitude improvement in the efficiency of metal-bonded diamond cup-wheels in the dry grinding of cemented carbides, when weak or friable type diamond is employed. Specifically it has been discovered that, depending upon the particular metal bond employed, the graphite content may range from 15% of the total bond volume to 50%, and the particle size may range from under 10 microns to 200 microns, the coarser graphite being employed at the higher concentrations and vice versa. The graphite particles normally being flaky or plate like, when so shaped, are measured in terms of the average diameter of their face. Other fillers, specifically poly- 2 tetrafluoroethylene, hexagonal boron nitride, and ma lybdenum disulfide may be substituted in whole or in part for the graphite.

The grinding element of the wheel is fabricated by conventional hot pressing techniques by placing the prepared mixture of graphite, metal powders, and diamond grit in a suitable mold and pressing while simultaneously heating. The term cup-wheel is well understood in the art to refer to wheels in which the grinding face is an essentially planar radial face, as distinguished from the cylindrical, curved grinding face of the so called straight wheels. Although referred to as planar the grinding face, in operation may tend to assume a conical form as more clearly explained in connection with the drawing discussed below.

THE DRAMNG FIG. 1 of the drawing shows a cross-section of a ty pical cup-type grinding wheel of the present invention, having a support element 10 of suitable material such as metal or metal filled synthetic resin, a mounting hole 11, and a grinding element 12.

FIG. 2 shows the wheel during a grinding operation,

the relative movement of the work and the wheel being indicated by the arrows. A workpiece 20 is being ground with a downfeed, on each pass of the wheel, 21, driven by shaft 22, equal to d, as indicated in the drawing. For purposes of clarity the downfeed is shown ex aggerated in amount, resulting in wear on the working surface 23 of the grinding element 24 such that the thickness of the element decreases, by an amount d from its outside diameter to its inside diameter. Since such wear is measured in a few thousandths of an inch, the working face can be referred to as substantially planar, and perpendicular to the axis of wheel rotation.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The raw materials required for the production of the grinding elements of the invention are metal powder for the bond, finely divided natural or synthetic graphite, as the preferred filler, and diamond abrasive grits. The raw materials are thoroughly mixed, in the desired proportions, placed into a mold cavity of the required size, and hot-pressed by conventional techniques wellknown in the art of powder metallurgy.

The metal may be selected from the practically infinite number of stable metals, metal alloys, and intermetallic compounds and mixtures thereof known to the art and commercially available, having melting points above 300C and a hardness equal to or greater than silver at 300 to 500C. For example, tin is inoperative as an elemental metal bond. Particularly useful are intermetallic or alloy compositions which can be formed at low temperatures but which react to form higher melting metal matrices. Under severe grinding conditions when localized grinding temperatures are high, uncoated diamonds are superior. Under less severe grinding conditions metal clad diamonds are preferred. Other fillers, in addition to the graphite may be incorporated into the metal bond, such as secondary abrasives or solid lubricants.

Diamond which is useful in the present invention is that known to the art as resin bond type" diamond. Such diamond was introduced to the industry subsequent to the announcement in 1955 of the synthesis of diamond by the General Electric Company. After commercialization of the synthetic resin bond type diamond in 1959, together with a synthetic metal bond 3 type in 1960. the suppliers of natural diamond also offered diamond to whcelmakcrs in two basic types, the resin bond and the metal bond types. In the synthetic diamond classification. the resin bond types are distinguished primarily by their multicrystallinity, irregular surfaces including re entrant angles, and by their irregular. weak shape, as compared to the stronger, blockier, more perfect single crystal metal bond type synthetic diamond grits (with smooth and regular surfaces). The natural resin bond type diamonds are characterized, on the other hand, as distinguished from natural metal bond types, by their splintery shape or flat, platelike shape; the natural metal bond type being blocky and strong shaped, but both natural diamond types being monocrystalline in the grit sizes suitable for the invention. All diamond now on the market for use in the production of grinding wheels is specified by the seller as either a metal bond type or a resin bond type; except for a synthetic type sold by DeBeers Consoli dated Mines and referred to as DXDA-MC, which is a blocky, strong shape sold for use in resin bonded wheels designed for grinding steel or steel and carbide combinations. This type diamond is not considered to be a resin type diamond in the sense defined above,

nor is it classified in the art, except for its special application, as a resin bond type diamond.

For the purpose of this application the resin bond type diamonds can be divided into two classes: l synthetic and (2) natural. The useful synthetic diamond can be fully characterized by the term resin bond type diamond (synthetic) or simply by reference to it as multicrystalline (weak) diamond grit. While there is available a strong polycrystalline natural diamond type called ballas and another called carbonado, both of these, although they are polycrystalline, are very strong and not suitable for the present invention. The individ ual crystals in the ballas or carbonado are around 20 microns and finer, while the crystals in the grits of synthetic resin bond type diamond are more coarse and instead of producing a grit of higher strength than a comparably shaped monocrystalline grit (as in the carbonado and ballas types) it results in a weaker grit. There is also a rare natural diamond, framesite, which is coarsely polycrystalline, but very strong. It is also not intended to be included in what we refer to as weak multicrystalline diamond.

Aside from the industry classification of the diamond as resin bond type (RB) or metal bond type (MB), physical measurement of friability, bulk density, and aspect ratio can be employed to define the diamond type coming within the present invention. For synthetic diamond, the friability index, F, for grit sizes of 130 and coarser is to be equal to or less than: 0.0052 :3, and equal to or less than 1071:, for grit sizes finer than 130 mesh when .r is the average of the larger and smaller nominal screen size of the screens used to obtain the sample, in the US. Sieve series; i.e. for 60/80 grit, .r is 70.

For natural diamond of the RB type the friability is equal to or less than 1 l .3xwhere x is the average of the number designation of upper and lower U.S. sieve size screens used in obtaining the sample. For natural RB type diamond the bulk density, as measured by the A.N.S.l. (American National Standards Institute) method 374.17-1971 (obtainable from American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10018) should be 1.7 grams per cubic centimeter 4 or less in the 140/170 size. and 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter or less in the 200/230 size grit.

Another parameter which is satisfied by natural RB type diamond is the three dimensional aspect ratio, de- 5 fined as the longest particle dimension in the horizontal plane, divided by the height of the particle. The average value of this parameter, for RB diamond in the 60/80 grit size, should be larger than 1.4, as measured by conventional optical microscopy with the grains resting randomly on a flat surface.

Another parameter, commonly measured is the two dimensional aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the maximum projected dimension of a grit particle to the maximum dimension of the particle perpendicular to the first dimension in a plane, parallel to the plane of the slide on which the particles are resting. For resin bond type natural diamond this ratio is found to be greater than 1.4. Friatest Model 500 machine, obtainable from Boart and Hard Metal Products S. A. Ltd., Friatest division, PO. Box 104, Crown Mines, Johannesburg, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa is used in determining friability index F.

The friability index F is determined from the relation where t is the time in seconds and R is the fraction of diamond residue from the Friatest, in which a sample of diamond grit of a given grit size is placed in a capsule with a hard steel ball and shaken for a measured amount of time. The diamond grit is then carefully removed from the capsule. It is screened through the next smaller screen size (smaller in linear size by a factor of 1.19) than was used as the smaller of the two screens in making the tested sample. The term R is then determined by weighing the amount retained on the screen and dividing that weight by the original weight of the sample of diamond.

Although the Friatest method is available to the industry and is a proposed standard for the industry, the following is a detailed description enabling a duplication of the test.

DETAIL OF FRIATEST METHOD An accurately sized 140/ 170 sample of the grit to be tested is placed in a cylindrical steel capsule (Friatest Mark IV) having an inside diameter of 0.5 inches and a length of 0.75 inches. Covers are provided for each end of the capsule, the cap on one end is fiat, the cap on the other end is spherically concave with a radius of curvature of 9/32 inches and an inside diameter, measured perpendicular to the axis of the capsule, of 0.5 inches, to exactly cover the cylinder.

An accurately weighed 04 gram portion of the diamond sample is placed in the capsule with an alloy steel ball 5/16 inches in diameter, and weighing 2.025 to 2.4 grams. The cylinder is capped and clamped on an oscillating holder on the Friatest machine (Model 500). The machine oscillates the capsules, in the direction of the axis of the capsules, at a rate of 2400 cycles per minute with an amplitude of 0.325 t 0.015 inches. The machine is turned on for a timed period of 50 seconds. The sample is removed and weighed as described above. From the known values of t (50 seconds) and R, the value of F can then be calculated.

The following examples illustrates preferred embodiments of the invention:

EXAMPLE I The following materials were mixed to form a homogeneous blend:

Graphite powder, natural, 65 micron particle size (through 400 on 500 mesh): 3.13 grams Bronze powder: 70 Cu (15 to 20 microns), 20 Sn (2-3 microns) Ag (2-3 microns): 22.30 grams Diamond (150 grit, copper clad, 50 wt. of Cu) Friatest Friability: 50 to 60: 5.66 grams The mixture of the above powders was cold pressed at 10 tons/in pressure released, heated to 500C,

grinding elements of the invention is shown by the fact that many other materials also sometimes considered to be solid lubricants are ineffective in producing improved grinding results. Such materials which have been tested and found ineffective in this invention are: mica, CaF LiF, WS WSe NbSe lamp black, and cryolite. Aluminum oxide was also tried and found ineffective.

The following examples show a comparison of grinding results for variations in filler content metal bond composition with a standard resinoid bonded diamond wheel, under identical grinding conditions, in the dry grinding of cemented carbide. The column marked Grinding Efficiency of Standard" reports the G soaked for 5 min. at 500, hot pressed at 6 tons/in at ratio of the test wheel based on 100% as the value ofG 500C, for 10 minutes, and removed from the mold to ratio for the standard resin bonded wheel of the same give a grinding element containing 15.25% by volume diamond type and concentration; the G ratio of a given of diamond. The graphite represented 35% of the bond wheel being the ratio of the volume of material revolume (metal plus graphite), ignoring in this case, a moved from the workpiece by the grinding action dipore volume of 4% by volume. The pore volume is not vided by the volume of the grinding element worn critical and may typically range from 0 to 8%. away. The average power draw is the average peak EXAMPLE H power drawn by the motor which rotates the wheel durimg grinding measured by a watt-meter connected to a A similar grinding element was made up of 15.5 volrecording instrument, during the last quarter of the run. ume diamond, of the same type, the same inetal Four wheels were made up using the same metal bond, and 40% of the total bond volume was through bond as in Examples 1 and II, but with varying amounts 325 mesh on 400 mesh natural graphite (average size and particle size of graphite. The diamond in all cases 80 microns). The grinding element had a porosity of was copper clad, 150 grit, except in the case of the resi- 2.8%. noid standard wheel in which nickel clad diamond was Wheels were made by cementing the grinding eleemployed, such diamond being superior to copper clad ment with a metal filled epoxy resin on an aluminum diamond in the type of standard resin wheels employed filled resin wheel center to produce a standard 6A9 in this test. Metal clad diamonds are known commerstraight cup-wheel having a 4 inch outside diameter, cial items; the cladding metals, as indicated in British 1.75 inches high with a 1.25 inch mounting hole. Pat. No. 615,73l should melt above 500C, and should In the dry grinding of carbide cutter material at a relbe compatible with the bond metal. The diamond conatively heavy infeed rate of 2.4 mils per pass, and a centration, 15 volume percent of the grinding element, total rate of cut of 0.037 cubic inches per minute, the was the same in all cases. The wheels were compared in wheel made from the grinding element of Example I the dry grinding of cemented tungsten carbide as in Exdrew the same power as a conventional standard pheamplesl and II, under the identical grinding conditions. nolic bonded commercial wheel containing the same The results are shown in Table l. The wheels were kind and amount of diamond (nickel clad diamond was made as in Examples 1 and II.

Table 1 Graphite Size Grinding Efficiency Power Draw Example and Vol. 76 of Standard 7( of Standard Ill 5 micron 480% 76% 35 vol, 7: iv 5 micron l 100% 80)? 25 vol. 7r v micron 700% 76% 40 vol. VI micron 30% 98% 230/325 40 vol. 71

employed for the phenolic wheels) but had a volumetric ratio of material removed to wheel wear (G ratio) of over 16 times that of the standard wheel. The wheel of Example II, in the same test, drew 25% less power and had a G ratio of over l4 times that of the standard.

Thus the wheel made from the element of Example I, 60

From the above and other tests it has been shown that, in this bond, optimum performance is obtained for very fine graphite with a graphite content of 25% to 35%, and that the graphite size should be less than 170 microns at higher graphite contents. However, excellent performance is achieved at the 40% level with l00 micron graphite.

EXAMPLE VII A similar wheel was made with a copper-cadmium bond, Cu Cd containing 74% cadmium and 26% copper, by weight. The wheel was compared, in the same test as reported above, with a standard resinoid wheel. The diamond content in both wheels was 15 volume 9? and the diamond was metal clad as in the previous tests. The copper-cadmium wheel contained 25 volume of the bond, of 10 micron graphite. The grinding efficiency was 650% as compared to 100% for the standard, and the power draw was only 64% of the standard. This low power draw is characteristic of the brittle interrnetallic compounds, such as Cu Cd EXAMPLE Vllla As in the previous examples, a wheel was made employing a copper tin bond corresponding closely to the intermetallic compound Cu Sn, containing 66% copper (a slight excess over the theoretical Cu Sn which exists as a separate phase and 34% tin. The graphite content was 20% by volume of the bond, and the graphite was 10 microns in size. In the same test method against the standard wheel as reported above, the grinding efficiency was 770% as compared to 100% for the standard, and the power draw was 72% of the standard. The low power draw, again, being characteristic of the intermetallics such as Cu Sn.

EXAMPLE Vlllb To show that metal cladding of the diamond is not es- 8 grinding face of the diamond section to aid in the dissipation of heat and to improve bonding to the resin center. The wheel showed a grinding efficiency of 1600% and a power of 52% in the standard test.

EXAMPLE Xb The same bond as in Example Xa, but with by volume of graphite was used to make a grinding element. The element was cemented to an aluminum metal wheel center to produce a straight cup as in Examples I through IX. In the standard grinding test this wheel had a grinding efficiency of 3600% as compared to 100% for the standard. The power draw was 92% of the standard. Although the wheel showed essentially no improvement in power, in terms of volume of carbide removed by grinding under the test conditions, it was shown to be the equivalent of 36 standard resinoid bonded wheels, each of the same diamond content as the test wheel.

EXAMPLE XI, X11 and XIII A variety of metal bonds, filler contents, and diamond types were employed to make various wheels with resin centers which were then compared against sential, a wheel identical to that of Example VIIIa was 25 the standard. The variations are shown in Table II.

Table II Graphite Example Diamond Content Bond Wheel Type XI copper 25 silver-indium Straight cup 6A9 clad [10 micron] (Ag ln; 76 In 24 Ag) XII nickel 20 silver Straight cup 6A9 clad (10 micron) XIII unclad 33 bronze Straight cup 6A9 (10 micron) (85 Cu, ISSn) EXAM PLE IX A grinding element formed form a copper-tin bond, Cu Sn, as in the previous example, but containing 25% graphite, 10 micron particle size and employing copper clad diamond, was tested in the same manner against the standard. The grinding efiiciency of this wheel was 1 100%, as compared to 100% for the standard, and the power draw was 56% of the standard. This example illustrates our finding that with the brittle intermetallic bonds, the optimum graphite content is between 20 and 28%, by volume.

EXAMPLE Xa A grinding element using the same metal bond and graphite mix as in Example IX was made into a flaringcup wheel, 11V) shape, with a 3.75 inch diameter, 1.5 inches high, and a 1.25 inch mounting hole. The wheel was made by molding an aluminum filled resin wheel center to the pre-formed grinding element, which element included a bronze ring at the face opposite the In these examples the grinding element was mounted to form a straight cup wheel as in Examples I through IX.

The grinding results against the standard resinoid wheel we re obtained as before, except that in Examples XII and XIII, the infeed rate was 2.0 mils instead of 2.4

Example XI shows, again, the excellent results obtained with brittle intermetallic bonds. This bond can be fabricated from the elemental metals at temperatures as low as 200C which permits the inclusion of organic or inorganic fillers having low thermal stability if desired. In this connection it is also pointed out that the Cu Sn bond, described above, can also be fabricated at temperatures as low as 250C when made from mixes including the elemental metals. The intermetallic compounds formed in the fabrication process have, of course, melting points well in excess of 300C. In all cases the metal powder used in fabrication preferably should be relatively fine, being preferably about 2 to 15 microns.

the wheels were 3 /1 inch diameter 1 1V9 (flaring cup) wheels. The results are as follows:

-continued Diamond Friahility Power Example Type Index G Ratio (Watts) XXVI Same as XXV but 60 I5 500 thermally weakened The above results show that monocrystalline metal bond type diamond is not useful in this invention even if it is thermally weakened to give it a low F value. Thus in order to properly characterize monocrystalline Table IV Wheel Diamond Friability Wear Grinding Power Example Type Cladding Index (mils) Ratio (Watts) XIV General Copper 51 0.5 220 760 Electric 50% by Wt. RVG-D Synthetic XVa 51 07 I60 760 XVh Same as 51 L7 59 720 above but surface of coating acid etched XVI Unclad 51 3.8 23 320 XVII Nickel Sl 4.4 2l 840 55% by Wt. XVIII DeBeers Copper 58 5.] 800 Synthetic 50% by Wt. XIX DeBeers Unclad I25 I 58 440 Natural XX DeBeers Unclad I59 15.0 4.5 400 Natural MB-Saw XXI General Unclad I43 l8.l 3.5 360 Electric MD In all of Examples I through XIII, the diamond was synthetic polycrystalline resin bond type diamond. Characteristic of such diamond type, it had a friability index, F, for the I50 grit size of less than 97 when tested by the method described above, in its uncoated 4O condition, and had an irregular surface including reentrant angles and an irregular weak shape.

The following results further show the influence of diamond type in a test in which the resinoid standard control wheel, which gave a G ratio of 8, was compared 45 against a group of wheels having the same bronze bond as used in Examples XIV through XXI, containing 25 volume graphite, and 140/170 diamond (not metal clad). The work was a inch by /2. inch surface of 370 Carbolay', the unit infeed was 2 mils; the traverse rate was 72 inches per minute; the wheel speed was 3600 revolutions per minute; and the wheels were 3 /4 inch cup wheels in the standard I 1V9 shape, with the grinding section mounted on an epoxy resin core. The results Resin bond type 2 dimensional aspect ratio 1.47

Natural Diamond 76 43 620 Resin bond type XXIV 2 dimensional aspect 5 ratio L56 Monocrystalline 159 I4 500 Synthetic Diamond Metal bond type 2 dimensional aspect ratio 1.38

XXV

diamond in this invention, other than by type classification (i.e. metal bond or resin bond), it is necessary to specify bulk density or aspect ratio in addition to the friability index. Since natural diamond is essentially monocrystalline, definition of operable diamond by the physical characteristic of strength in terms of friability alone, is thus not sufficient.

Although only about one half as effective as graphite when used as the sole filler, hexagonal boron nitride may be used in the present invention at the same volume levels as graphite. The boron nitride is preferably used in admixture with graphite.

Molybdenum disulfide, while not as good, by itself, as boron nitride is also effective within the same volume levels as graphite. By combining M08 with 20% graphite, as a of the total filler content, the combined filler achieves performance levels in te ms of G value of as much as of the value achieved by the use of graphite alone, in a volume equal to the total M08 and graphite. Thus the addition of MoS, to graphite results in a kind of synergistic effect.

BN and MOS, may be combined with each other and with graphite according to the present invention, to produce significantly improved grinding perfonnance.

Polytetrafluoroethylene, although not as effective as graphite, may be employed when the hot pressing temperature required to manufacture the wheel is not excessive. Good results, for example, have been achieved at the 40 and 50% filler levels when employing a low temperature bond such as a Cu Sn bond with l0% added tin to allow hot pressing at 200C to 350C such that degradation of the PTFE is avoided.

What is claimed is:

l. A cup-ty pe dry grinding wheel having an abrasive section consisting of resin bond type diamond abrasive grains bonded in a metal matrix having a melting point above 300C, said metal matrix including a filler selected from the group consisting of particulate polytetrafluoroethylene, graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and mixtures thereof in the amount of from to 50%, by volume of the bond, said filler having a particle size of between l micron and 200 microns, the smaller size filler being present at the lower concentrations of filler, the larger size filler being present at the higher filler concentrations, said diamond abrasive grit being defined by one of the following lists (a). and (b) of characteristics: (a) synthetic multicrystalline diamond having an irregular surface and a friability index F, for grit sizes of l and coarser equal to or less than 0.00525 and equal to or less than 1075", for grit sizes finer than 130, wherein s is the arithmetic average of the number designations of the US. Standard sieve series screens used to obtain a sized sample of the diamond, and (b) natural monocrystalline diamond with a friability index of less than 1 l.3s' and is selected from a population having a bulk density of l.7 or less in the l40/l70 grit size and L6 or less in the 200/230 grit size as measured by the American National Standards Institute method.

2. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which a continuous film of a metal having a melting point above 500C coats the diamond abrasive grains.

3. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the metal matrix has a hardness at 300 to 500C equal to or greater than that of silver at 300 to 500C.

4. A grinding wheel as in claim 1, in which the matrix material includes an intermetallic compound.

5. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the filler is graphite. 

1. A CUP-TYPE DRY GRINDING WHEEL HAVING AN ABRASIVE SECTION CONSISTING OF RESIN BOND TYPE DIAMOND ABRASIVE GRAINS BONDED IN A METAL MATRIX HAVING A MELTING POINT ABOUT 300*C. SAID METAL MATRIX INCLUDING A FILLER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF PARTICULATE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, GRAPHITE, HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE, MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE, AND MIXTURES THEREOF IN THE AMOUNT OF FROM 15 TO 50% BY VOLUME OF THE BOND, SAID FILLER HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE OF BETWEEN 1 MICRON AND 200 MICRONS, THE SMALLER SIZE FILLER BEING PRESENT AT THE LOWER CONCENTRATIONS OF FILLER, THE LARGER SIZE FILLER BEING PRESENT AT THE HIGHER FILLER CONCENTRATIONS, SAID DIAMOND ABRASIVE GRIT BEING DEFINED BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LISTS (A), AND (B) OF CHARACTERISTICS: (A) SYNTHETIC MULTICRYSTALLINE DIAMOND HAVING AN IRREGULAR SURFACE AND A FRIABILITY INDEX F, FOR GRIT SIZES OF 130 AND COARSER EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 0.0052S2, AND EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 1.07S0.9, FOR GRIT SIZES FINER THAN 130, WHEREIN S IS THE ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF THE NUMBER DESIGNATIONS OF THE U.S. STANDARD SIEVE SERIES SCREENS USED TO OBTAIN A SIZED SAMPLE OF THE DIAMOND, AND (B) NATURAL MONOCRYSTALLINE DIAMOND WITH A FRIABILITY INDEX OF LESS THAN 11.3S**0.43 AND IS SELECTED FROM A POPULATION HAVING A BULK DENSITY OF 1.7 OR LESS IN THE 140/170 GRIT SIZE AND 1.6 OR LESS IN THE 200/230 GRIT SIZE AS MEASURED BY THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE METHOD.
 2. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which a continuous film of a metal having a melting point above 500*C coats the diamond abrasive grains.
 3. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the metal matrix has a hardness at 300* to 500*C equal to or greater than that of silver at 300* to 500*C.
 4. A grinding wheel as in claim 1, in which the matrix material includes an intermetallic compound.
 5. A grinding wheel as in claim 1 in which the filler is graphite. 